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-->The Azure Active Directory Authentication Library (ADAL Objective-C) was created to work with Azure Active Directory accounts via the v1.0 endpoint.
The Microsoft Authentication Library for iOS and macOS (MSAL) is built to work with all Microsoft identities such as Azure Active Directory (Azure AD) accounts, personal Microsoft accounts, and Azure AD B2C accounts via the Microsoft identity platform (formally the Azure AD v2.0 endpoint).
The Microsoft identity platform has a few key differences with Azure Active Directory v1.0. This article highlights these differences and provides guidance to migrate an app from ADAL to MSAL.
ADAL and MSAL app capability differences
Who can sign in
- ADAL only supports work and school accounts--also known as Azure AD accounts.
- MSAL supports personal Microsoft accounts (MSA accounts) such as Hotmail.com, Outlook.com, and Live.com.
- MSAL supports work and school accounts, and Azure AD B2C accounts.
Standards compliance
- The Microsoft identity Platform endpoint follows OAuth 2.0 and OpenId Connect standards.
Incremental and dynamic consent
- The Azure Active Directory v1.0 endpoint requires that all permissions be declared in advance during application registration. This means those permissions are static.
- The Microsoft identity platform allows you to request permissions dynamically. Apps can ask for permissions only as needed and request more as the app needs them.
For more about differences between Azure Active Directory v1.0 and the Microsoft identity platform, see Why update to Microsoft identity platform (v2.0)?.
ADAL and MSAL library differences
The MSAL public API reflects a few key differences between Azure AD v1.0 and the Microsoft identity platform.
MSALPublicClientApplication instead of ADAuthenticationContext
ADAuthenticationContext
is the first object an ADAL app creates. It represents an instantiation of ADAL. Apps create a new instance of ADAuthenticationContext
for each Azure Active Directory cloud and tenant (authority) combination. The same ADAuthenticationContext
can be used to get tokens for multiple public client applications.In MSAL, the main interaction is through an
MSALPublicClientApplication
object, which is modeled after OAuth 2.0 Public Client. One instance of MSALPublicClientApplication
can be used to interact with multiple AAD clouds, and tenants, without needing to create a new instance for each authority. For most apps, one MSALPublicClientApplication
instance is sufficient.Scopes instead of resources
In ADAL, an app had to provide a resource identifier like
https://graph.microsoft.com
to acquire tokens from the Azure Active Directory v1.0 endpoint. A resource can define a number of scopes, or oAuth2Permissions in the app manifest, that it understands. This allowed client apps to request tokens from that resource for a certain set of scopes pre-defined during app registration.In MSAL, instead of a single resource identifier, apps provide a set of scopes per request. A scope is a resource identifier followed by a permission name in the form resource/permission. For example,
https://graph.microsoft.com/user.read
There are two ways to provide scopes in MSAL:
- Provide a list of all the permissions your apps needs. For example:
@[@'https://graph.microsoft.com/directory.read', @'https://graph.microsoft.com/directory.write']
In this case, the app requests thedirectory.read
anddirectory.write
permissions. The user will be asked to consent for those permissions if they haven't consented to them before for this app. The application might also receive additional permissions that the user has already consented to for the application. The user will only be prompted to consent for new permissions, or permissions that haven't been granted. - The
/.default
scope.
This is the built-in scope for every application. It refers to the static list of permissions configured when the application was registered. Its behavior is similar to that of
resource
. This can be useful when migrating to ensure that a similar set of scopes and user experience is maintained.To use the
/.default
scope, append /.default
to the resource identifier. For example: https://graph.microsoft.com/.default
. If your resource ends with a slash (/
), you should still append /.default
, including the leading forward slash, resulting in a scope that has a double forward slash (//
) in it.You can read more information about using the '/.default' scope here
Supporting different WebView types & browsers
ADAL only supports UIWebView/WKWebView for iOS, and WebView for macOS. MSAL for iOS supports more options for displaying web content when requesting an authorization code, and no longer supports
UIWebView
; which can improve the user experience and security.By default, MSAL on iOS uses ASWebAuthenticationSession, which is the web component Apple recommends for authentication on iOS 12+ devices. It provides Single Sign-On (SSO) benefits through cookie sharing between apps and the Safari browser.
You can choose to use a different web component depending on app requirements and the end-user experience you want. See supported web view types for more options.
When migrating from ADAL to MSAL,
WKWebView
provides the user experience most similar to ADAL on iOS and macOS. We encourage you to migrate to ASWebAuthenticationSession
on iOS, if possible. For macOS, we encourage you to use WKWebView
.Account management API differences
When you call the ADAL methods
acquireToken()
or acquireTokenSilent()
, you receive an ADUserInformation
object containing a list of claims from the id_token
that represents the account being authenticated. Additionally, ADUserInformation
returns a userId
based on the upn
claim. After initial interactive token acquisition, ADAL expects developer to provide userId
in all silent calls.ADAL doesn't provide an API to retrieve known user identities. Nxp nearfieldproximity provider driver. It relies on the app to save and manage those accounts.
MSAL provides a set of APIs to list all accounts known to MSAL without having to acquire a token.
Like ADAL, MSAL returns account information that holds a list of claims from the
id_token
. It's part of the MSALAccount
object inside the MSALResult
object.MSAL provides a set of APIs to remove accounts, making the removed accounts inaccessible to the app. After the account is removed, later token acquisition calls will prompt the user to do interactive token acquisition. Account removal only applies to the client application that started it, and doesn't remove the account from the other apps running on the device or from the system browser. This ensures that the user continues to have a SSO experience on the device even after signing out of an individual app.
Additionally, MSAL also returns an account identifier that can be used to request a token silently later. However, the account identifier (accessible through
identifier
property in the MSALAccount
object) isn't displayable and you can't assume what format it is in nor should you try to interpret or parse it.Migrating the account cache
When migrating from ADAL, apps normally store ADAL's
userId
, which doesn't have the identifier
required by MSAL. As a one-time migration step, an app can query an MSAL account using ADAL's userId with the following API:- (nullable MSALAccount *)accountForUsername:(nonnull NSString *)username error:(NSError * _Nullable __autoreleasing * _Nullable)error;
This API reads both MSAL's and ADAL's cache to find the account by ADAL userId (UPN).
If the account is found, the developer should use the account to do silent token acquisition. The first silent token acquisition will effectively upgrade the account, and the developer will get a MSAL compatible account identifier in the MSAL result (
identifier
). After that, only identifier
should be used for account lookups by using the following API:- (nullable MSALAccount *)accountForIdentifier:(nonnull NSString *)identifier error:(NSError * _Nullable __autoreleasing * _Nullable)error;
Although it's possible to continue using ADAL's
userId
for all operations in MSAL, since userId
is based on UPN, it's subject to multiple limitations that result in a bad user experience. For example, if the UPN changes, the user has to sign in again. We recommend all apps use the non-displayable account identifier
for all operations.Read more about cache state migration.
Token acquisition changes
MSAL introduces some token acquisition call changes:
- Like ADAL,
acquireTokenSilent
always results in a silent request. - Unlike ADAL,
acquireToken
always results in user actionable UI either through the web view or the Microsoft Authenticator app. Depending on the SSO state inside webview/Microsoft Authenticator, the user may be prompted to enter their credentials. - In ADAL,
acquireToken
withAD_PROMPT_AUTO
first tries silent token acquisition, and only shows UI if the silent request fails. In MSAL, this logic can be achieved by first callingacquireTokenSilent
and only callingacquireToken
if silent acquisition fails. This allows developers to customize user experience before starting interactive token acquisition.
Error handling differences
MSAL provides more clarity between errors that can be handled by your app and those that require intervention by the user. There are a limited number of errors developer must handle:
MSALErrorInteractionRequired
: The user must do an interactive request. This can be caused for various reasons such as an expired authentication session, Conditional Access policy has changed, a refresh token expired or was revoked, there are no valid tokens in the cache, and so on.MSALErrorServerDeclinedScopes
: The request wasn't fully completed and some scopes weren't granted access. This can be caused by a user declining consent to one or more scopes.
Handling all other errors in the
MSALError
list is optional. You could use the information in those errors to improve the user experience.See Handling exceptions and errors using MSAL for more about MSAL error handling.
Broker support
MSAL, starting with version 0.3.0, provides support for brokered authentication using the Microsoft Authenticator app. Microsoft Authenticator also enables support for Conditional Access scenarios. Examples of Conditional Access scenarios include device compliance policies that require the user to enroll the device through Intune or register with AAD to get a token. And Mobile Application Management (MAM) Conditional Access policies, which require proof of compliance before your app can get a token.
To enable broker for your application:
- Register a broker compatible redirect URI format for the application. The broker compatible redirect URI format is
msauth.<app.bundle.id>://auth
. Replace<app.bundle.id>
with your application's bundle ID. If you're migrating from ADAL and your application was already broker capable, there's nothing extra you need to do. Your previous redirect URI is fully compatible with MSAL, so you can skip to step 3. - Add your application's redirect URI scheme to your info.plist file. For the default MSAL redirect URI, the format is
msauth.<app.bundle.id>
. For example: - Add following schemes to your app's Info.plist under LSApplicationQueriesSchemes:
- Add the following to your AppDelegate.m file to handle callbacks:Objective-C:Swift:
Business to business (B2B)
In ADAL, you create separate instances of
ADAuthenticationContext
for each tenant that the app requests tokens for. This is no longer a requirement in MSAL. In MSAL, you can create a single instance of MSALPublicClientApplication
and use it for any AAD cloud and organization by specifying a different authority for acquireToken and acquireTokenSilent calls.SSO in partnership with other SDKs
MSAL for iOS can achieve SSO via a unified cache with the following SDKs:
- ADAL Objective-C 2.7.x+
- MSAL.NET for Xamarin 2.4.x+
- ADAL.NET for Xamarin 4.4.x+
SSO is achieved via iOS keychain sharing and is only available between apps published from the same Apple Developer account.
SSO through iOS keychain sharing is the only silent SSO type.
On macOS, MSAL can achieve SSO with other MSAL for iOS and macOS based applications and ADAL Objective-C-based applications.
MSAL on iOS also supports two other types of SSO:
- SSO through the web browser. MSAL for iOS supports
ASWebAuthenticationSession
, which provides SSO through cookies shared between other apps on the device and specifically the Safari browser. - SSO through an Authentication broker. On an iOS device, Microsoft Authenticator acts as the Authentication broker. It can follow Conditional Access policies such as requiring a compliant device, and provides SSO for registered devices. MSAL SDKs starting with version 0.3.0 support a broker by default.
Intune MAM SDK
The Intune MAM SDK supports MSAL for iOS starting with version 11.1.2
MSAL and ADAL in the same app
ADAL version 2.7.0, and above, can't coexist with MSAL in the same application. The main reason is because of the shared submodule common code. Because Objective-C doesn't support namespaces, if you add both ADAL and MSAL frameworks to your application, there will be two instances of the same class. There's no guarantee for which one gets picked at runtime. If both SDKs are using same version of the conflicting class, your app may still work. However, if it's a different version, your app might experience unexpected crashes that are difficult to diagnose.
Running ADAL and MSAL in the same production application isn't supported. However, if you're just testing and migrating your users from ADAL Objective-C to MSAL for iOS and macOS, you can continue using ADAL Objective-C 2.6.10. It's the only version that works with MSAL in the same application. There will be no new feature updates for this ADAL version, so it should be only used for migration and testing purposes. Your app shouldn't rely on ADAL and MSAL coexistence long term.
ADAL and MSAL coexistence in the same application isn't supported.ADAL and MSAL coexistence between multiple applications is fully supported.
Practical migration steps
App registration migration
You don't need to change your existing AAD application to switch to MSAL and enable AAD accounts. However, if your ADAL-based application doesn't support brokered authentication, you'll need to register a new redirect URI for the application before you can switch to MSAL.
The redirect URI should be in this format:
msauth.<app.bundle.id>://auth
. Replace <app.bundle.id>
with your application's bundle ID. Specify the redirect URI in the Azure portal.For iOS only, to support cert-based authentication, an additional redirect URI needs to be registered in your application and the Azure portal in the following format:
msauth://code/<broker-redirect-uri-in-url-encoded-form>
. For example, msauth://code/msauth.com.microsoft.mybundleId%3A%2F%2Fauth
We recommend all apps register both redirect URIs.
If you wish to add support for incremental consent, select the APIs and permissions your app is configured to request access to in your app registration under the API permissions tab.
If you're migrating from ADAL and want to support both AAD and MSA accounts, your existing application registration needs to be updated to support both. We don't recommend you update your existing production app to support both AAD and MSA right away. Instead, create another client ID that supports both AAD and MSA for testing, and after you've verified that all scenarios work, update the existing app.
Add MSAL to your app
You can add MSAL SDK to your app using your preferred package management tool. See detailed instructions here.
Update your app's Info.plist file
For iOS only, add your application's redirect URI scheme to your info.plist file. For ADAL broker compatible apps, it should be there already. The default MSAL redirect URI scheme will be in the format:
msauth.<app.bundle.id>
.Add following schemes to your app's Info.plist under
LSApplicationQueriesSchemes
.Update your AppDelegate code
For iOS only, add the following to your AppDelegate.m file:
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Objective-C:
Swift:
If you are using Xcode 11, you should place MSAL callback into the
SceneDelegate
file instead.If you support both UISceneDelegate and UIApplicationDelegate for compatibility with older iOS, MSAL callback would need to be placed into both files.Objective-C:
Swift:
This allows MSAL to handle responses from the broker and web component.This wasn't necessary in ADAL since it 'swizzled' app delegate methods automatically. Adding it manually is less error prone and gives the application more control.
Enable token caching
By default, MSAL caches your app's tokens in the iOS or macOS keychain.
To enable token caching:
- Ensure your application is properly signed
- Go to your Xcode Project Settings > Capabilities tab > Enable Keychain Sharing
- Click + and enter a following Keychain Groups entry:3.a For iOS, enter
com.microsoft.adalcache
3.b For macOS entercom.microsoft.identity.universalstorage
Create MSALPublicClientApplication and switch to its acquireToken and acquireTokeSilent calls
You can create
MSALPublicClientApplication
using following code:Objective-C:
Swift:
Then call the account management API to see if there are any accounts in the cache:
Objective-C:
Swift:
or read all of the accounts:
Objective-C:
Swift:
If an account is found, call the MSAL
acquireTokenSilent
API:Objective-C:
Swift:
Next steps
Learn more about Authentication flows and application scenarios
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DynDNS services transmit a changing IP address to a static domain name to enable remote access. We’ll show you which DynDNS providers exists and how free services compare to premium DynDNS alternatives.
Find out exactly how the Dynamic Domain Name system works in our basics article on DynDNS.
DynDNS Service
The German provider DynDNS Service is a widely used DynDNS service and is available as a free and premium version. The free DynDNS version allows users to generate up to three DynDNS domains. The premium version can generate up to 100 URLs for private or commercial use. Users are required to register for a free account in just a few clicks. Once registered, users simply create a DynDNS domain, and enter their account data into the router.
DynDNS Service provides real-time tracking of a user’s IP address renewal.
Another advantage of DynDNS Service is its reliable customer support. You can contact the Dynamic DNS provider via email or fill in a contact form. Additionally, various help settings and tutorials are available on its website.
Premium users gain access to a range of interesting additional features including automated input of router details. The DynDNS Updater tool letspremium subscribers make use of 100 DynDNS URLs at the same time (e.g. to use multiple different webcams). Other advantages include:
- The tool works independently from a router, which means you won’t need to manually enter router details.
- It does not require installation on your operating system.
- Easy to use.
- Compatible with most operating systems (Windows, Linux, macOS etc.), if Java is pre-installed.
- Adjust the Update timer from 5 seconds to 5 minutes.
Disadvantages:
The DynDNS Updater Tool incurs a one-off activation fee. This will change your account (ddclient) to premium status that lets you to create up to 100 DynDNS URLs. https://cooloload462.weebly.com/microsoft-office-2010-free-for-mac.html.
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dynv6
Dynamic DNS provider dynv6 provides a free service for private users. A public hostname can be quickly registered via the service provider’s website – for IPv4 as well as IPv6. Users can select their preferred name and there is no restriction as to the number of domains.
In addition, one can make use of interfaces to update zones. For REST and SSH, public keys are in use. To use the DNS Update, dynv6 employs a so-called TSIG key which can be created via its website.
However, dynv6 is not designed for professional use. The service lacks expanded security features to safeguard against DDoS attacks and does not provide extensive customer support.
No-IP
No-IP appears to provide a highly professional service. The US-based DynDNS service offers three different packages:
Free Dynamic DNS | Enhanced Dynamic DNS (paid $) | Plus-Managed DNS (paid $$) |
3 host names | 25+ host names | 50+ host names |
Limited number of domains | 80+ domain options | Includes domain registration option at reduced cost ($) |
Account confirmed required every 30 days | No expiry | No expiry, phone support |
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Although the freeware version provides several good options, users have voiced their frustrations with the account expiry date. Those who register for a free account are required to confirm their account every 30 days. Otherwise, it is deleted immediately. To avoid expiry and ads, the premium packages are a better solution. They also come with extended telephone support.
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Securepoint DynDNS
Securepoint DynDNS is a free German DynDNS service provider. Users get five hosts and 100 domains. One of its advantages is that it can be neatly integrated into the firewall and other Securepoint devices. However, the free DynDNS provider can be used outside of Securepoint devices.
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Other features include IPv6 protocol support and the update token, which essentially acts like an additional password for enhanced security. Customer support and help is available via the contact form or you can search for answers to your queries in the dedicated user forum.
ClickIP
German DynDNS provider ClickIP is geared toward beginners. The service is available for free and installation is particularly easy. Administrators simply create a user account, select a DNS address, and enter their details on the company’s router. Although ClickIP is free, a premium version is available which does not include advertising.
Dyn (by Oracle)
Another prominent DynDNS service provider is Dyn by US computer technology company Oracle. Dyn lets users select unique hostnames and can be linked to any IP-compatible device such as webcams or routers. IP addresses are regularly updated by Oracle. Fl studio hypersonic 2 download.
Users can choose up to 30 unique host names which can be updated within 20 seconds when a user’s IP address changes. Dynamic DNS makes it easy to set your own domain name.
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Advantages include extended customer support and good device connectivity. However, Dyn is only free for the first seven days. Thereafter, users are charged $55 per year.
DynDNS and other Dynamic DNS providers in comparison
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Number of hosts, domains | Requirements | Features | Customer support | |
---|---|---|---|---|
DynDNS Service (free) | 3 hosts, restricted number of domains | Easy to use | - | Email, help for settings and tutorials available |
DynDNS Service ($) | 100 hosts, restricted number of domains | Simple registration process | Premium DynDNS Updater tool available | Email, help for settings and tutorials available |
dynv6 (free) | Unlimited hosts, choice of unique host names | Quick registration | Multiple APIs | Community |
No-IP (free) | 3 hosts, restricted number of domains | Account requires confirmation every 30 days | - | Only email |
No-IP Enhanced Dynamic DNS ($) | 25+ host names, 80+ domain options | Account, no expiry | No advertising, 100 % uptime guarantee | Email and phone support |
No-IP PlusManaged DNS ($) | 50+ host names, domain registration | Account, no expiry | Supports email upgrade, SSL upgrade | Email and phone support |
Securepoint DynDNS (free) | 5 hosts, 100 domains | Registration | Supports IPv6, Update token | Contact form, tutorials, forum |
ClickIP (free) | 1 sub domain | Free registration | - | FAQ, Tutorials |
ClickIP ($) | 1 sub domain | Free registration | No advertising | FAQ, Tutorials |
Dyn (Oracle) ($) | 30 unique host names | Only free for 7 days | No advertising | Extended support |